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Tag: Mokhada

рджреБрд░реНрдЧрдо рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рдареА рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдбреЗ рдард░рд▓реА рд╡рд░рджрд╛рди

рдард╛рдгреЗ рдЬрд┐рд▓реНрд╣реНрдпрд╛рддреАрд▓ рдореЛрдЦрд╛рдбрд╛ рддрд╛рд▓реБрдХреНрдпрд╛рддреАрд▓ рджреБрд░реНрдЧрдо рднрд╛рдЧрд╛рддреАрд▓ рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рдареА рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдбрд╛рдВрдЪреА рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд┐рддреА рд╡рд░рджрд╛рди рдард░рд▓реА рдЖрд╣реЗ.

┬ардпрд╛ рднрд╛рдЧрд╛рдд рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд░рдд рдЖрд░реЛрд╣рдг рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВрд╕реЗрд╡реА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдереЗрдиреЗ тАШрдлрд│рдЭрд╛рдб рд╡рд╛рдбреА рддреЗрдереЗ рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдбтАЩ рд╣реА рд╕рдВрдХрд▓реНрдкрдирд╛ рдпреЗрдереЗ рд░рд╛рдмрд╡рд▓реА. рдХреЛрд╕рдмрд╛рдб рдХреГрд╖реА рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░рд╛рдЪреЗ рддрд╛рдВрддреНрд░рд┐рдХ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧрджрд░реНрд╢рди рдШреЗрддрд▓реЗ. рдСрдХреНрдЯреЛрдмрд░рдирдВрддрд░ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рд╢рд╛рд╢реНтАНрд╡рдд рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рддрдпрд╛рд░ рд╣реЛрдКрди рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рдареА рдмрд╛рд░рдорд╛рд╣реА рд╢реЗрддреА рдХрд░рдгреЗ рд╢рдХреНрдп рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░рд╛рд╕рд╛рдареАрдЪреЗ рд╕реНрдерд▓рд╛рдВрддрд░рд╣реА рдерд╛рдВрдмрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдард╛рдгреЗ рдЬрд┐рд▓реНрд╣реНрдпрд╛рддреАрд▓ рдореЛрдЦрд╛рдбрд╛, рдЬрд╡реНрд╣рд╛рд░ рдпрд╛ рднрд╛рдЧрд╛рдд рдкрд╛рд╡рд╕рд╛рд│реНрдпрд╛рдд рднрд░рдкреВрд░ рдкрд╛рдКрд╕ рдкрдбрддреЛ. рдкрд░рдВрддреБ рдЬрдорд┐рдиреАрд▓рд╛ рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗрд▓рд╛ рддреАрд╡реНрд░ рдЙрддрд╛рд░, рдбреЛрдВрдЧрд░-рджрд▒реНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЦрдбрдХрд╛рдВрдореБрд│реЗ рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╕рд╛рдард╡рдг рди рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╡рд╛рд╣реВрди рдЬрд╛рддреЗ. рдкрд╛рд╡рд╕рд╛рд│реНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдорд╣рд┐рдиреНрдпрд╛рдВрдирдВрддрд░рдЪреА рддреАрд╡реНрд░ рдкрд╛рдгреАрдЯрдВрдЪрд╛рдИ, рддреНрдпрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рд╣реЛрдгрд╛рд░реА рд╣рдВрдЧрд╛рдореА рд╢реЗрддреА, рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдирд╕рдгреЗ рдпрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рдмрд░реАрдЪ рдХреБрдЯреБрдВрдмреЗ рдСрдХреНрдЯреЛрдмрд░рдирдВрддрд░ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░рд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рд╕реНрдерд▓рд╛рдВрддрд░ рд╣реЛрддрд╛рдд. рдкрд╛рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗ рддрд░реА рд╢реЗрддрд╛рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рдЬрд╛рд╕реНрдд рджреВрд░ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд. рдкрд╛рдгреА рдЖрдгрдгреЗ рдЦрд░реНрдЪрд┐рдХрд╣реА рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдореА рд╡рд░реНрд╖рд╛рдиреБрд╡рд░реНрд╖реЗ рдХрд╛рд╣реА рдЬрдорд┐рдиреА рдкрдбреАрдХрдЪ рд░рд╛рд╣рд┐рд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рджрд┐рд╕реВрди рдпреЗрддрд╛рдд. рдлрд│рдмрд╛рдЧ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдбреАрд▓рд╛ рдЪрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ рдЖрджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕реА рдмрд╣реБрд▓ рднрд╛рдЧрд╛рддреАрд▓ рдмрд╣реБрддрд╛рдВрд╢ рдХреБрдЯреБрдВрдмреЗ рдЕрд▓реНрдкрднреВрдзрд╛рд░рдХ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд. рд╢реЗрддреАрдд рдирд╡реЗ рддрдВрддреНрд░рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдЕрд╡рд▓рдВрдмрдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреА рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреА рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛рд╣реА рдХрдореА рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдореЛрдЦрд╛рдбрд╛ рддрд╛рд▓реБрдХрд╛ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдЧрд░рд┐рдмреА рд╡ рдХреБрдкреЛрд╖рдгрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрдбрдЪрдгреАрдВрдиреА рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╕рд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдпрд╛ рд╕рд░реНрд╡ рдмрд╛рдмреА рд▓рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдд рдШреЗрддрд╛ рдЖрджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕реАрдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдорджрддреАрд▓рд╛ рдЖрд░реЛрд╣рдг рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛ рдзрд╛рд╡рд▓реА. рд╕рди реирежрежрем рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рдЬрд╡реНрд╣рд╛рд░, рдореЛрдЦрд╛рдбрд╛, рдбрд╣рд╛рдгреВ, рдкрд╛рд▓рдШрд░ рдЖрджреА рднрд╛рдЧрд╛рдВрдд рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛ рд╢реЗрддреА, рдЬрд▓рд╕рдВрдзрд╛рд░рдг рд╡ рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрди, рдЖрд░реЛрдЧреНрдп, рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг, рдЖрджреА рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрд╛рдд рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддреЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рд╕рди реирежрезрез рдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдереЗрдиреЗ рдмрд╛рд░рдорд╛рд╣реА рдкрд╛рдгреАрд╕рд╛рдард╛ рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рдЧрдЯ рддрдпрд╛рд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ. рдлрд│рдмрд╛рдЧ, рднрд╛рдЬреАрдкрд╛рд▓рд╛, рдлреВрд▓рд╢реЗрддреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдбреАрд▓рд╛ рдЪрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ рджрд┐рд▓реА. рддреНрдпрд╛рддреВрди рд╢реЗрддреА рд╣рд╛ рдмрд╛рд░рдорд╛рд╣реА рдЙрдкрдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдХреЗрдЪрд╛ рд╢рд╛рд╢реНрд╡рдд рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рд╣реЛрдК рд╢рдХрддреЛ рд╣реЗ рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд▓рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдд рдпреЗрдК рд▓рд╛рдЧрд▓реЗ. рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧрд╢реАрд▓ рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрдХрдбреЗ рдЕрднреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рд╕рд╣рд▓реАрдВрдЪреЗ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрди рдХрд░рдгреНрдпрд╛рдд рдЖрд▓реЗ. рдЬрд▓рд╕рдВрдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛рд╡рд░ рднрд░ рдореЛрдЦрд╛рдбрд╛ рджреБрд░реНрдЧрдо рддрд╛рд▓реБрдХрд╛ рдЕрд╕рд▓реНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ рд╢реЗрддрдорд╛рд▓ резрежреж рдХрд┐рд▓реЛрдореАрдЯрд░рдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЬрд╛рд╕реНрдд рдЕрдВрддрд░рд╛рд╡рд░реАрд▓ рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░рдкреЗрдареЗрдд рд╡рд┐рдХреНрд░реАрд╕ рдиреЗрдгреНрдпрд╛рдд рдЕрдиреЗрдХ рдЕрдбрдЪрдгреА рд╣реЛрддреНрдпрд╛. рдпрд╛ рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпреЗрд╡рд░ рдЙрдкрд╛рдп рд╢реЛрдзрдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдЧрдЯрд╢реЗрддреАрдЪрд╛ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдШреЗрдгреНрдпрд╛рдд рдЖрд▓рд╛. рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рдд рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╣реА рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреАрдЪ. рдмрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдЪ рдЧрд╛рд╡рд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╡рд░реНрд╖рд╛рддреАрд▓ рдЕрд░реНрдзрд╛ рдХрд╛рд│ рдкрд┐рдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдЯреЕрдВрдХрд░рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░реЗ рдкрд╛рдгреА рдкреБрд░рд╡рдард╛ рд╣реЛрддреЛ. рдЕрд╢рд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рддреАрдд рджреБрдмрд╛рд░ рд╢реЗрддреА рдХрд░рдгреЗ рдЖрд╡реНрд╣рд╛рдирд╛рдЪреЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ. рдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдЕрднреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░реВрди рдХрд╛рд╣реА рдЧрд╛рд╡рд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдмрдВрдзрд╛рд░реЗ рдмрд╛рдВрдзрдгреНрдпрд╛рдд рдЖрд▓реЗ. рдмрд╛рд░рдорд╛рд╣реА рдирджреНрдпрд╛ рдХрд┐рдВрд╡рд╛ рддрд▓рд╛рд╡ рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдард┐рдХрд╛рдгреА рд╕реМрд░рдкрдВрдкрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдорд╛рддреВрди рдкрд╛рдгреА рдЖрдгрдгреНрдпрд╛рдд рдЖрд▓реЗ. рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдбрд╛рдВрдЪреА рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд┐рддреА рдЕрдЬреВрдирд╣реА рдбреЛрдВрдЧрд░-рдЯреЗрдХрдбреАрд╡рд░ рдЬрдореАрди рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗрд▓реЗ рдореЛрдареНрдпрд╛ рд╕рдВрдЦреНрдпреЗрдиреЗ рдЖрджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕реА рд╢реЗрддрдХрд░реА рдмрд╛рдХреА рд╣реЛрддреЗ. рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪрдмрд░реЛрдмрд░ рдУрд╕рд╛рдб-рдкрдбреАрдХ рдЬрдореАрди рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдбреАрдЦрд╛рд▓реА рдЖрдгрдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдереЗрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рдбреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдб рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрдХреНрд░рдорд╛рдд рд╡рд░реНрд╖рднрд░ рдкреБрд░реЗрд▓ рдЗрддрдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдгреАрд╕рд╛рдард╛ рддрдпрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдгреНрдпрд╛рдХрдбреЗ рд▓рдХреНрд╖ рджрд┐рд▓реЗ. рдХреЛрдХрдгрд╛рддреАрд▓ рдЬрд╛рдВрднреНрдпрд╛ рдЬрдорд┐рдиреАрдд рдирд┐рдЪрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдг рдЬрд╛рд╕реНрдд рдЕрд╕рддреЗ. рддреНрдпрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рдлрд│рдЭрд╛рдбрд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрди рдХрд░рдгреЗ рдЕрд╡рдШрдб рдЬрд╛рддреЗ. рдХреЛрд░рдбрд╡рд╛рд╣реВ рдлрд│рдЭрд╛рдбрд╛рдВрдирд╛ рд╕реБрд░реБрд╡рд╛рддреАрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рддреАрди рд╡рд░реНрд╖рд╛рдВрдд рд╕рд┐рдВрдЪрдирд╛рдЪреА рдЧрд░рдЬ рдЕрд╕рддреЗ. рдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА тАШрдлрд│рдЭрд╛рдб рд╡рд╛рдбреА рддреЗрдереЗ рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдбтАЩ рд╣реА рднреВрдорд┐рдХрд╛ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдереЗрдиреЗ рдШреЗрддрд▓реА.

рдкрд╛рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рддрд╛рд│реЗрдмрдВрдж

  • рд╕реБрдорд╛рд░реЗ рдЕрд░реНрдзрд╛ рдПрдХрд░ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рд╛рд╡рд░ ренреж рдкрд░реНрдпрдВрдд рдЭрд╛рдбрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдбреАрдЪреЗ рдирд┐рдпреЛрдЬрди рдХрд░реВрди рддреНрдпрд╛ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рд╛рдд рд╕рд╣рд╛ рдмрд╛рдп рдкрд╛рдЪ рдмрд╛рдп рдПрдХ рдореАрдЯрд░ рдЖрдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдЪреЗ рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдб рдмрдирд╡рд▓реЗ.
  • рдкрд╛рд╡рд╕рд╛рд│реНрдпрд╛рдирдВрддрд░ рдкреБрдвреАрд▓ рдЖрда рдорд╣рд┐рдиреЗ рддреНрдпрд╛рддреВрди рдкрд╛рдгреА рдкреБрд░рд╡рдард╛ рд╣реЛрдИрд▓ рдЕрд╕рд╛ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд░реВрди рдЖрдХрд╛рд░рдорд╛рди рдирд┐рд╢реНтАНрдЪрд┐рдд
  • рдкрд╛рд╡рд╕рд╛рд│реНрдпрд╛рдирдВрддрд░ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд░реЛрдкрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдЖрдард╡рдбреНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛ резреж рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдгрд╛рдд ренреж рд░реЛрдкрд╛рдВрдирд╛ рдЖрда рдорд╣рд┐рдиреНрдпрд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рдареА рдПрдХреВрдг реирел рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рдПрд╡рдвреНрдпрд╛ рдкрд╛рдгреАрд╕рд╛рдареНрдпрд╛рдЪреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА.
  • рдмрд╛рд╖реНрдкреАрднрд╡рдирд╛рдЪрд╛ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рдгрддрдГ рейреж рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рд╕рд╛рдард╡рдг рд╣реЛрдИрд▓ рдЕрд╕рд╛рд╣реА рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреЗрд▓рд╛.
  • рдореЛрдХрд╛рдЯ рдЬрдирд╛рд╡рд░рд╛рдВрдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрд╛рдд рд░реЛрдкрд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рд╕рдВрд░рдХреНрд╖рдг рд╡реНрд╣рд╛рд╡реЗ рдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдб рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЪрд╛рд░рд╣реА рдмрд╛рдЬреВрдиреЗ рд╕рд╛рдЧрд░рдЧреЛрдЯрд╛ рдпрд╛ рдХрд╛рдЯреЗрд░реА рд╡рдирд╕реНрдкрддреАрдЪреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдб
  • рд╕реБрдорд╛рд░реЗ реирелреж рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрдХрдбреЗ рдЕрд╢рд╛ рдкрджреНрдзрддреАрдиреЗ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдбреАрдЪреЗ рдирд┐рдпреЛрдЬрди
  • рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдбреАрдЪреЗ рел рдмрд╛рдп рел рдореАрдЯрд░ рдЕрдВрддрд░ рдирд┐рд╢реНтАНрдЪрд┐рдд. рдЖрдВрдмрд╛ резреж, рдХрд╛рдЬреВ резрел, рд▓рд┐рдВрдмреВ рел, рдЬрд╛рдВрднреВрд│ рел, рдкреЗрд░реВ рел, рдЖрд╡рд│рд╛ рел, рд╕рд╛рдЧ рел, рдкрдкрдИ рел, рд╢реЗрд╡рдЧрд╛ рел, рдмрд╛рдВрдмреВ резреж рдЕрд╕реЗ рдирд┐рдпреЛрдЬрди.

рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдбрд╛рдЪреЗ рдлрд╛рдпрджреЗ

  • рдСрдХреНрдЯреЛрдмрд░рдирдВрддрд░ рдЬрд╡рд│рдкрд╛рд╕ рдкрд╛рдгреАрд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдирд╕рд▓реНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ рджрд░рд╡рд░реНрд╖реА рдорд╛рд░реНрдЪрдЕрдЦреЗрд░ релреж рдЯрдХреНрдХреНрдпрд╛рдВрдкрд░реНрдпрдВрдд рд╣реЛрдгрд╛рд░реА рд░реЛрдкрд╛рдВрдЪреА рдорд░рддреБрдХ рдпрдВрджрд╛ рдорд╛рддреНрд░ реирел рдЯрдХреНрдХреНрдпрд╛рдВрдкрд░реНрдпрдВрддрдЪ рдЬрд╛рдгрд╡рд▓реА. рддреНрдпрд╛рддрд╣реА рдмрд░реАрдЪрд╢реА рдорд░рддреБрдХ рдЕрддрд┐рдкрд╛рд╡рд╕рд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рдЭрд╛рд▓реА рд╣реЛрддреА.
  • рдкреВрд░реНрд╡реА рд╢реЗрддрдХрд░реА рджреВрд░ рдЕрдВрддрд░рд╛рд╡рд░реВрди рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╡рд╛рд╣реВрди рдЖрдгрд╛рдпрдЪреЗ. рддреНрдпрд╛рд╡реЗрд│реА рдЖрдард╡рдбреНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╛рд╕реНрддреАрдд рдЬрд╛рд╕реНрдд рдкрд╛рдЪ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд░реЛрдкрд╛рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдгреЗ рдкрд╛рдгреА рджрд┐рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рдпрдЪреЗ. рдиреЛрд╡реНрд╣реЗрдВрдмрд░рдкрд░реНрдпрдВрдд рд╢реЗрддреАрдХрд╛рдореЗ рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЭрд╛рд▓реНрдпрд╛рдирдВрддрд░ рдкрд╛рдгреА рджреЗрдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рдбрд┐рд╕реЗрдВрдмрд░рдирдВрддрд░ рд╕реБрд░реБрд╡рд╛рдд рд╣реЛрдд рдЕрд╕реЗ. рдпрд╛ рддрд╛рдгрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рд░реЛрдкрд╛рдВрдЪреА рд╡рд╛рдв рдпреЛрдЧреНрдп рд╣реЛрдд рдирд╕реЗ. рдорд╛рдЧреАрд▓ рд╡рд░реНрд╖реА рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдбрд╛рдВрдореБрд│реЗ рдкрд╛рдКрд╕ рдЙрдШрдбрд▓реНрдпрд╛рдирдВрддрд░ рдСрдХреНрдЯреЛрдмрд░рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рдЖрдард╡рдбреНрдпрд╛рддреВрди рджреЛрдирд╡реЗрд│рд╛ рдкрд╛рдгреА рджреЗрдгреЗ рд╢рдХреНрдп рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗ. рддреНрдпрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рд░реЛрдкрд╛рдВрдЪреА рд╡рд╛рдв рдЪрд╛рдВрдЧрд▓реА рдЭрд╛рд▓реА.

рдХреЗрд╡реНрд╣реАрдХреЗрдЪреЗ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧрджрд░реНрд╢рди рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрдирд╛ рдХреГрд╖реА рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░, рдХреЛрд╕рдмрд╛рдб рдпреЗрдереАрд▓ рддрдЬреНрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдВрдХрдбреВрди рд╡реЗрд│реЛрд╡реЗрд│реА рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг. рдпрд╛рдд рд░реЛрдкрд╛рдВрдирд╛ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдгреЗ, рдХреАрдб-рд░реЛрдЧ, рдЦрддреЗ, рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрди рдЖрджреАрдВрдЪрд╛ рд╕рдорд╛рд╡реЗрд╢. рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗрд▓реЗ рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЗрдХреНрд╖рдг

рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдб рд╕рд╛рдард╡рдг┬ардХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛рдлреЗрдмреНрд░реБ-рдорд╛рд░реНрдЪрдордзреАрд▓ рд╕рд╛рдард╛┬ард▓рд┐рдЯрд░рдордзреНрдпреЗрдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдб рд╕рдВрдЦреНрдпрд╛
рейреж рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░резреж, режрежреж рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрддрейрел
резреж,режрежреж рддреЗ резрек,режрежрежремрел
резрел,режрежреж рддреЗ реиреж,режрежрежремреж
реиреж,режрежреж рддреЗ реирел,режрежрежрепреж
  • рдорд╛рд░реНрдЪ рддреЗ рдореЗ рдпрд╛ рддреАрди рдорд╣рд┐рдиреНрдпрд╛рдд рд░реЛрдкреЗ рдЬрдЧрд╡рдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА резреж рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛
  • рдЕрдиреЗрдХ рд╢реЗрддрдХрд▒реНрдпрд╛рдВрдХрдбреЗ рдпреЛрдЧреНрдп рдирд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рдЪрд╛рдВрдЧрд▓рд╛ рдкрд╛рдгреАрд╕рд╛рдард╛ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдЭрд╛рд▓рд╛.
  • рдЬрд▓рдХреБрдВрдбрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдорд╛рддреВрди рд╢рд╛рд╢реНрд╡рдд рдкрд╛рдгреА рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рдорд┐рд│рд╛рд▓реНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ рд╢реЗрддрдХрд░реА рдлрд│рдмрд╛рдЧрд╛рдВрд╕реЛрдмрдд рдореЛрдЧрд░рд╛, рднрд╛рдЬреАрдкрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдкрд┐рдХреЗ рдШреЗрдК рд▓рд╛рдЧрд▓реЗ.
  • рдЖрджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕реАрдВрдЪреЗ рд╢рд╣рд░рд╛рдХрдбреЗ рд╣реЛрдгрд╛рд░реЗ рд╕реНрдерд▓рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХрдореА рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗ.

рд╕рдВрдкрд░реНрдХ- рдЙрддреНрддрдо рд╕рд╣рд╛рдгреЗ-ренрежреиреорепрежрежреиреореп (рд▓реЗрдЦрдХ рдХреГрд╖реА рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░, рдХреЛрд╕рдмрд╛рдб рдпреЗрдереЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдЬреНрдЬреНрдЮ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд.)

┬а

Malnutrition, Migration and Mokhada

Getting familiar with their projects became essential as I was invited to join Aroehan as a trustee. Aroehan works in the Jawhar тАУ Mokhada area of Dist Palghar (in Maharashtra). Take Ahmedabad Highway, travel up to Manor and then turn right to take a road leading to Vikramgad. The road has more potholes than the lunar craters. Perhaps it is a warning sign; the traveller must get ready to receive more severe shocks; I am referring to the living conditions in villages and of villagers.

We finished our work at the Jawhar Office and started for ‘Dharecha Pada’. Pada means a hamlet. A few Padas or hamlets dispersed over a large area makes a village in these scarcely populated hilly terrains of Mokhada. I guessed the population of Dharecha Pada may be less than a thousand. Dr Shuba, Madhuri and I reached Dharecha pada.

“I think she is already inside, I see her two-wheeler” Madhuri said, “A Mata-Baithak is organised here.” ‘Mata Baithak’ is a meeting of women. We alighted from our car in front of a small building. It was a small room, about 18’x18’in size, and it was obvious that the room was made for meetings. Mata Baithak was in progress. About twenty or twenty-five women made the audience, some carried children in their arms. Dr Shuba, Aroehan’s Chief Operating Officer, Madhuri, who supervises a few projects and I joined the meeting. Somebody hurriedly put three chairs for us. Reshma who works with Aroehan, was conducting the meeting.

In Mokhada 169 infants died due to malnutrition in 2006. Anjali Kanitkar and Dr Helen Joseph, moved quickly to establish Aroehan. ‘Aroehan’ is actually an acronym of ‘Action Related to Organisation of Education, Health and Nutrition’ and it is registered as NGO. The initial focus was on malnutrition eradication or health. However, they realised that the multiplicity and inter-contentedness of various factors that contribute to high malnutrition deaths required an integrated approach to the problem resolution.

“This is Mata-Baal Suraksha Card (Health Card of Mother and Child). This is an ‘encyclopaedia’ of pregnancy.” Smile on everybody’s face! Reshma was explaining to the Adivasi (Tribal) women. “It contains all information about a pregnant woman’s registration, delivery and inoculation of the infant.”


Reshma holds Mata-Baithak

“Look at these three colours or three zones.” Reshma was held open the Health Card, and pointed to a diagram. “Three zones тАУ Green, Yellow and Red. Ideally, in which zone your child should be?”

“Green”, a woman replied.

“Good. What needs to be done to make sure that the child is in green zone?” She introduced healthy diet. She was explaining how they should provide ‘Tiranga’ or tri-coloured diet. Tiranga is easily understood because that’s what the national flag is called; it has three colours saffron, white and green. Saffron colour included tomatoes, carrots, white included milk, eggs and rice and green included leafy vegetables. “You don’t have to travel outside your village, all the ingredients of tri-colour diet are available here.”

Note:┬аI was later informed that following is the correct information:
“The food tricolour depicts the following food groups:
Saffron:┬аBody building foods which include all the pulses(dals), meat, eggs and milk тАУ protein sources.
White:┬аEnergy giving foods which include all the grains, roots and tubers, oilseeds, ghee, milk products, sugar тАУ carbohydrates and fat sources
Green:┬аProtective foods which include all the leafy vegetables, fruits and fruit vegetables, jaggery, iodised salt, spices тАУ vitamin and mineral sources.
The┬аAshok Chakra┬аdepicts water.”

Dr Shuba turned to me. “Several infants are born as under-weight babies in this Mokhada area. Wrong diet is a problem, but the wrong beliefs and practices about a pregnant woman’s diet is a greater problem. Many tribal women survive only on ‘pej.’ Pej is the water in which rice is boiled. Their diet becomes woefully inadequate. How can the pregnant woman remain healthy and will it not affect the development of the baby? Most of the pregnant women become anaemic, their haemoglobin drops to abysmally low levels.”


Mata Baithak in progress

Internet throws up a study of two researchers from Tata Institute of Social Sciences on malnutrition in Mokhada. ‘In 2005, child malnutrition claimed as many as 718 lives in one single district namely Palghar. Even after a decade of double-digit economic growth, in 2016, more than 600 children died due to under-nutrition in the same district.’ тАж.. ‘Our study level estimates suggest that 59% of children were stunted.’

“Education of girls usually stops at 7th Class. A 15 or 16-year-old girl is often married in tribal villages. This is quite common. Then she gets pregnant at an age she should not. These are big problems to overcome.”

“I read recently that a fourteen-year-old girl got pregnant in an ‘Ashram School.’

A story in ‘Firstpost’ mentions, ‘In November last year, (2016) the whole state of Maharashtra woke up to a horror тАФ a tribal school in Buldhana was derecognised after reports emerged that girl students are being sexually assaulted there. The incidence only came to light after a girl, who was visiting her parents, complained of stomach-ache and was later found to be pregnant. As the episode unfolded, several other girls came forward complaining of sexual harassment, and at least three of them were pregnant. Eleven people were arrested, including school trustees, the headmaster and a few teachers.

“Ashram Schools provide hostels facility, boys and girls stay there. So, it is not a surprise that a young girl got pregnant. Such cases are not infrequent. They get them married тАУ there is hardly any ceremony тАУ sometimes she moves to the boy’s home, that’s it. Poverty! In a rare case there is a problem if the boy disowns her.”

“Take a look at some women in this meeting (Mata-Baithak). The one with a child in her arms looks under-age. She may be just about sixteen.”

“The are also under-nourished. If you ask them, girls will tell you that they are eighteen years old, but I feel that may not be correct age. There are many bad consequences of an under-age mother тАУ not only at physical but also social level.”


Young Mothers At the Mata-Baithak

Reshma was now discussing the problems faced by women in the pada or hamlet. She spoke about ‘Gram-Sabha’ (Villagers’ Body). ‘People use the forum of the Gram Sabha to discuss local governance and development, and make need-based plans for the village. The Panchayat implements development programs under the overarching mandate, supervision and monitoring of the Gram Sabha. All decisions of the Panchayat are taken through the Gram Sabha and no decision is official and valid without the consent of the Gram Sabha.’

Reshma was persuading all women to organise a Mahila (Women’s) Gram Sabha. The women spoke about the problem of drinking water. Incidentally Mokhada region has a very high rainfall, but the villagers face scarcity of drinking water from march to July.

“You must organise Mahila Gram Sabha to voice your problems. Those will then be raised before Gram Panchayat effectively.” Although Reshma’s words made some impact, the real problem was that tribal women would not speak up in a large gathering. And that was, and remains, a big hurdle to cross.

Reshma turned to the issue of migration of villagers. For the tribal villages this is a huge problem. They can’t survive only on one-crop-agriculture, so they move to cities or towns in search of jobs.

“Migration eats into your life in many ways. Migrating men and women leave behind their aged parents who are left to fend for themselves. Children leave their school. They stay under harsh conditions during the migration period, affecting their health adversely. The entire economy of the village suffers.”

“We have helped farmers produce second crop. Several farmers have been harvesting second crop.”

“Aroehan has decided to take immediate measures to reduce migration of people by 50% in certain area. And that target appears to be almost unsurmountable тАУ you can imagine the magnitude of this problem of migration.”

I was leading my Rotary Club’s project to build two check dams near Bhiwandi. I went to inspect the work when I noticed that a few families of labourers had set up a shade тАУ well, you can’t call it home or even dwelling place тАУ by erecting three feet high sticks and placing a torn saree over it. They were staying under it!

“They come down (climbing down the hills) here in search of a job, and return to their villages for the Holi Festival” the construction supervisor who had engaged those migratory labourers informed me. I was shocked. On my way I noticed a family camping under a tree; once you think of migration, you start spotting those who have migrated.


Migrating tribal families live under horrible conditions

I clicked this photograph. If you wish to grasp the humongous scale of migration, you should travel in Mokhada area. Statistics can provide you information, but sensitization to a problem is the result of seeing migration; statistics fails to sensitise us.

This is a very complex situation. It is multi-dimensional. Any amount of work and support will fall short of eradicating, transforming the situation; that’s my initial assessment. We require long term solutions and some immediate short-term measures, and, of course, a group of committed persons.

There should be no doubt that the Government is the most ineffective organisation, be it of any party. There are many programs and measures which are designed to ameliorate the conditions, but no benefit reaches the people who should be the real beneficiaries. It is heartening that NGOs like Aroehan are seized of the problem.

This horrible situation of poverty, malnutrition, migration, unhealthy practices and low literacy level has undoubtedly resulted from short-sightedness of leaders as well as their preoccupation with their own welfare. Can this be disputed?

Vivek S Patwardhan